Wawan Darmawan ([email protected])
Presented at activity in 9th UPSI-UPI International Conference 2023, 14 to 16 March 2023
Abstract
Traditional village in West Java Province is located on various landforms. The shape of the land will affect the existing disaster so that there is a distribution of spatial patterns of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom. This research was conducted in five traditional West Java villages: Naga, Ciptagelar, Cirendeu, Kuta, and Pulo. Denudational and alluvial landforms are in Naga, Cirendeu, and Kuta villages. Ciptagelar village is in a denudational and structural area, while Pulo village is in an Alluvial area. This study aims to identify the distribution of spatial patterns of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom in traditional villages in West Java. The method used is descriptive parametric with linear correlation statistics. Topography, hydrological conditions, land use, living conditions, and disaster potential are the variables used. Based on the analysis, it was found that the distribution of spatial patterns in disaster mitigation based on local wisdom is found in the same existing landform. The significance value of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation for each variable in each traditional village is 0.1835, so there is a significant influence from the distribution of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom in traditional villages in West Java. Naga, Cirendeu, Kuta, and Ciptagelar villages have the same pattern of spatial distribution of mitigation.
Keywords: Local Wisdom, Traditional Village, West Java
Introduction
Traditional villages are the basis of a region’s cultural identity. West Java Province has many traditional villages spread across various landscapes. Traditional villages in West Java Province are ethnically Sundanese, so Sundanese culture is very much embedded in the activities and mindset of the people. The deterministic view states that geographical conditions will affect the mindset and behavior of humans in acting (McGregor KM, 2004). There is also a possibilistic view that humans can influence their environmental conditions because they are adaptive (Lando F, 2019). These two views will influence the management of traditional villages in West Java Province. Of course, the government already has guidelines for dealing with disasters in several areas (Arifin et al., 2021), but traditional villages have specific and unique actions, which are local wisdom (Widiastuti, 2017).
Traditional village in the West Java Province, in general, is vulnerable to disaster hydrogeological like landslides, movement ground, earthquake earth, and flood. Every traditional village has its type of catastrophe because it spans different natures. Every traditional village owns a different inheritance cognition ecology (Fang & Li, 2022). The object study has five traditional villages: Naga, Ciptagelar, Cirendeu, Pulo, and Kuta. In general, five traditional villages are denudational, alluvial, and structural. Condition span naturally makes several traditional villages face different disasters (Li M, et al., 2019).
Every difference in landform will lead to different actions in disaster mitigation. In alluvial landforms, the potential for disasters to occur is flooding (Bourenane, et al., 2019). In denudational landforms, the potential for disasters to occur is landslides (Lee, et al., 2018). In structural landforms, the potential for disasters to occur is earthquakes (Li, S 2023). In volcanic areas prone to volcanic disasters, the community will be adaptive in disaster risk reduction (Niroa & Nakamura, 2022). Landscape conditions result in different conceptual thinking patterns in disaster mitigation in each traditional village (Du, et al., 2016). In its implementation, people in traditional villages carry out disaster mitigation based on local wisdom passed down from generation to generation. This local wisdom is a pattern of resilience in dealing with natural disasters (Sun, et al., 2022).
Several examples of the implementation of local wisdom in dealing with disasters can be seen in the governance of the traditional village area (Liu, et al., 2022). It is assumed that the same landform will have the same mitigation pattern. Existing characteristics such as land use, shelter, food management, and physiographic conditions give rise to particular actions in disaster mitigation. The behavior of indigenous peoples in dealing with disasters is hereditary and becomes knowledge (Darmawan, W, et al., 2022). The pattern of an area characteristic occurs because of the interdependence and interrelation between a space (Li, J, et al., 2022). In essence, traditional villages are used to being adaptive in dealing with area resilience in various aspects (Wang & Zhu, 2022).
Implementing differences and similarities in mindset in dealing with disasters affects spatial distribution patterns (Ma & Tong, 2022). The spatial aspect certainly shapes human character in adapting to nature, such as disasters (Chen & Cheng, 2020). Differences and similarities in natural conditions will shape human character in dealing with disasters. Differences in perception will affect differences in spatial patterns in different Traditional Villages. This study aims to identify the distribution of spatial patterns of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom in traditional villages in West Java. This research can be an example of mitigation efforts commonly carried out by Sundanese ancestors so that it becomes empirical knowledge.
Method
This study was conducted in five traditional village places in the West Java province. The traditional village that was made location study namely Naga, Ciptagelar, Cirendeu, Pulo, and Kuta. Every traditional village has different characteristics of the landform, denudational, Alluvial, and structural, so it has different disaster nature.
This study uses the method of descriptive parametric. The five traditional villages will be identified using the following variables: potency disaster, topography, conditions hydrology, use of land, and place stay. Each variable will be made in a matrix connected to each traditional village location. If there is a similar pattern variable, it can be concluded that the spatial pattern distribution will be the same in facing disaster.
Data and Technique Analysis
The topography condition analyzed uses the product DEMNAS satellite which can be accessed at https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/. The hydrological condition was analyzed from BPS
(Central Statistics Agency) data at https://www.bps.go.id/. Use land adapted from data https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web, which can be downloaded for free in shape file format. Place stay’s condition informed from the direct survey as well as observation. The observation sheet contains local wisdom and mitigation disaster content.
The technique used to know equality pattern spatial in facing disaster is the use of analysis multiple linear regression, with the following formula:
Y = α + β1 X2 + β2 X2 + βn Xn + e
The formula above explains that Y is the dependent variable or variable response, X is the independent variable or predictor variable, α is constants, and β represents the estimated coefficient. This analysis is used to know the correlation between traditional villages in spatial pattern mitigation disaster-based local wisdom. Correlation can rate from the following table:
Table of Correlation Values
| Correlation Category | |
| 0.00 – 0.199 | Very low |
| 0.20 – 0.399 | Low |
| 0.40 – 0.599 | Currently |
| 0.60 – 0.799 | Strong |
| 0.80 – 1.00 | Very strong |
Result and Discussion
The Topography Condition
Based on the analysis, each traditional village has a varied topography. Kampung Naga and Kampung Ciptagelar are hilly areas with topography ranging from flat, undulating, and hilly to steep. The topographical characteristics of this area are so complex that it is assumed to be in a denudational landform. The slope in this area ranges from 0% to 140%. The landform is very vulnerable to landslides. Kampung Naga has an alluvial landform area, so floods were recorded there. Based on the map of Ciptagelar village adjacent to the structural landform. If there are active faults, this area is prone to earthquakes and ground motions.
Cirende and Kuta’s villages have topography ranging from flat to undulating. The slope in this area ranges from 0% to 20%. In these two villages, it is indicated that they are in denudational and alluvial landforms. Kuta’s village is prone to earthquakes because it is close to a structural landform. This condition is prone to landslides. Kuta’s village has an alluvial landform that is usually prone to flooding. However, maintaining natural conditions and minimal development make Kuta’s village resistant to flooding.
Pulo village has a flat to weakly undulating topography, with a 0% to 13% slope. Pulo village is in an alluvial landform area. Pulo is adjacent to Cangkuang Lake and surrounded by a rice field. The assumption is that this condition has the potential to be prone to flooding, but in Pulo village, there has never been a flood. This condition does not mean that Kulo village has no potential for flooding. If a change in land use and management is inappropriate, a flood disaster will likely occur. Pulo village is prone to volcanic disasters because it is close to Mount Guntur.
Hydrological Condition
Each traditional village has a river as a water source for several daily activities. The hydrological conditions in each traditional village are relatively good. The use of water sources comes from springs, rivers, and lakes. A large river, the Ciwulan River, traverses Naga village. The Ciwulan River overflowed for several decades, causing flooding in the Naga village area. The water source in Ciptagelar village comes from the Cibareno River spring. The hydrological conditions in Ciptagelar village are good because the community takes care of it according to the teachings of their ancestors with the intention of conservation. The Cirendeu traditional village has a spring called Nyi Mas Ende, which the ancestors have preserved until now. Besides that, a river passes through the village but tends not to be the primary water source.
Pulo village is very close to Lake Situ Cangkuang. This water source comes from rainfall and the Cipapar river. A lake benefits people by having many functions, such as daily needs and rice field irrigation. Lake Situ Cangkuang is the source of water in Kampung Pulo. The water source in Kampung Kuta comes from the Cijolang river and sacred springs. The hydrological function in Kampung Kuta is still well maintained. The community takes care of water sources according to ancestral customs, so hydrological disasters rarely occur in Kampung Kuta. Some locations are named no-go areas for watershed conservation, naturally.
Land Use Condition
Land use conditions in the study area depend on the type of landform. The denudational and structural landforms have almost the same land characteristics. Naga, Ciptagelar, and Kuta villages have the same land use conditions. These three traditional villages have land uses: forests, plantations, fields, rice fields, settlements, and vacant land. Irrigated rice fields and plantations dominate Naga village, rainfed rice fields and fields dominate Ciptagelar village, and forests and fields dominate Kuta village. The settlement conditions in these three locations are centralized. Settlements are concentrated in one area.
Forests, settlements, and fields dominate Cirendeu village. The land use condition is similar to the previous traditional village, and Cirendeu village includes pretty dominating settlements. Pulo village is quite interesting in terms of land use. This traditional village is on an alluvial plain, so rice fields and Situ Cangkuang Lake surround it. Vegetation in Pulo village is a natural plant whose existence has been passed down from generation to generation. Cultivation, such as plantations and fields, are contaminated with outside cultures, so the dominance of this area is rice fields and lakes.
Place Stay Condition
The living conditions at the study site in traditional villages follow disaster mitigation efforts in each landform. Almost all of the residences in the study locations are stilt houses. In Naga village, houses on stilts are given a foundation first, such as river stones which can prevent large percolation of the soil so that the soil does not easily crack and runoff does not occur underground. This effort is disaster mitigation in the landslide area. Ciptagelar village is built on stilts and has a deep and firm foundation. This traditional house will withstand earthquakes because the foundation supports do not withstand high loads. This condition is one of the earthquake disaster mitigation efforts. The foundation is concrete, while the house is made of wood and cubicles. The load will not be too high during shocks, so the house will not collapse easily.
The traditional house of Kuta village is similar to that of Ciptagelar village. The foundation of this house is a concrete or strong wood, while the building materials are booths and wood. This condition is an earthquake mitigation effort. In several locations, some houses are almost identical to the foundations in Naga village. This function is to minimize the occurrence of landslides. The traditional house is almost the same as the traditional house of Cirendeu village. The characteristics of Cirendeu village are very close to the city, so in several locations, it looks modern. Traditional houses that are still naturally maintained are in the same condition as those in Kuta village.
Pulo traditional village philosophically has the same traditional house. It is just that there are differences in color aesthetics. The traditional Pulo village house has seven main buildings. The main building consists of 6 houses and one prayer room. There are six houses lined up facing each other. Each of the three houses is on the left and right.
The area around the Kulo Traditional House is well laid out for tourism needs. Moreover, the prayer room is at the front door. It is said that these seven main buildings are symbols of the seven children of Grandmother Dalem Arief Muhammad’s grandparents. The house is the symbol of 6 of the six daughters. Furthermore, one prayer room is a symbol of the only son.
Disaster Potency
Each Traditional Village has a different type of disaster. A landform is an indication of potential disasters in the study area. In Naga village, there was a flood disaster. The area below Naga village is an alluvial landform river delta area, which is very prone to flooding. The topography and denudational landform in Naga village give rise to the potential for landslides. Ciptagelar village is a denudational landform area that is quite prone to flooding. In some parts, structural landform areas are prone to earthquakes due to tectonic activity.
The Cirendeu traditional village is included in an area prone to landslides. This condition is the same as in Kuta village, which is prone to landslides. It is just that Kuta village has the potential for other disasters, namely earthquakes. Landslide-prone conditions are caused by being in a reasonably varied topography, while fault structures cause earthquake-prone conditions. Pulo village is close to the volcano. This condition makes it prone to potential volcanic disasters. Besides that, a lake surrounds Pulo village and an alluvial plain. Alluvial plains have the potential for flood disasters.
Spatial Pattern of Disaster Mitigation
The distribution of land shape similarities causes the spatial pattern similarities of disaster mitigation. This condition is based on the geographical conditions and infrastructure of the study area. The correlation value of each variable is distributed very low, low, medium, and very strong. Based on the statistical results, the highest correlation value is the potential for disaster in the very high class, residential conditions in the low class, land use in the medium class, hydrological conditions in the low class, and topography in the shallow class. The confidence level used is 95%.
Table of Correlation Results
|
Statistics |
Topography |
Hydrological Condition |
Land Use |
Place Stay Condition | Disaster Potency |
| multiple R | 0.174078 | 0.333333 | 0.522232968 | 0.333333333 | 0.816496581 |
| Adjusted R
Square |
0.45455 |
0.33333 |
0.09090909 |
0.33333333 |
0.5 |
| Significance F | 0.825922 | 0.666667 | 0.477767032 | 0.666666667 | 0.183503419 |
| Significance F | Spatial Pattern Mitigation Disaster | 0.183503419 | |||
The distribution of spatial patterns in disaster mitigation based on local wisdom is found in the landform equation. The similarity of traditional village disaster mitigation is evidenced by the condition of the residence that is characteristic of the denudational landform, namely houses on stilts. Houses on stilts include efforts to mitigate earthquakes and landslides. This condition is in Naga village, Ciptagelar village, Cirendeu village and Kuta village. In Pulo village, the striking variable is land use surrounded by rice fields typical of alluvial landforms. The hydrological conditions in Pulo village are slightly different from other traditional villages because Pulo village has a reservoir or lake.
An immense coefficient value on the variable is the disaster potential of almost 50%. Topography, living conditions, hydrological conditions, and land use influence the rest. The significance value of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation for each variable in each traditional village is 0.1835, so there is a significant influence from the distribution of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom in traditional villages in West Java.
Conclusion
The distribution of spatial patterns in disaster mitigation based on local wisdom is found in the landform equation. An immense coefficient value is in the disaster potential of almost 50%; topography, living conditions, hydrological conditions, and land use influence the rest. The confidence level used is 95%. Based on the statistical results, the highest correlation value is the potential for disaster in the high class. The significance value of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation for each variable in each traditional village is 0.1835, so there is a significant influence from the distribution of the spatial pattern of disaster mitigation based on local wisdom in traditional villages in West Java.
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